Which of the following conditions is commonly associated with spina bifida?

Elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein is a critical marker associated with spina bifida. This condition is characterized by an opening in the spinal column, which can lead to a leakage of cerebrospinal fluid and other components into the mother's bloodstream. As a result, levels of alpha-fetoprotein increase significantly during pregnancy when there are neural tube defects, including spina bifida.

Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein is typically measured during a routine blood test in the second trimester. An elevated level can prompt further investigation, such as ultrasound or amniocentesis, to confirm the presence of spina bifida or other neural tube defects. This elevation serves as a vital screening tool that alerts healthcare providers to potential complications, thus guiding early interventions or counseling for affected families.